The Biophilia Programme

One fieldtrip left and a seminar series at the science centre before the Biophilia programme draws to a close for the year. Hopefully we can run it again next year. The idea is to arouse biophilia in students, who otherwise would not have an authentic experience of nature here in Urban Singapore. But its more than that. Besides the place-based learning, the students come up with their projects here and all we do as part of that process is socratic questioning. Its a bit frustrating for students and its not easy to come up with a scientific question. But we've been to the fieldsite for about 5 times already and each time we spend about 3 hours there (what a blessing to have enthusiastic and supportive colleagues taking turns or even coming regular for this). We've seen some "ecological literacy" developing so that's a nice development.



Here's a pair of anemone shrimps. We found 2 pairs on two different anemones. They are delightful creatures to watch and they are, as we found out through the weeks on the Biophilia programme, almost always there when there is a submerged carpet anemone. They are known to wait out in a nearby pool if the anemone is totally exposed during the low tide, and return again.

This is the second time I have seen it in the flesh/carapace, and they provide a nice source of distraction from the world. The seem to potter about busily around the tentacles of the anemone and its been recorded that they fend off any outsider (be it a fish) that comes close to the anemone. So the pair's highly territorial. Their almost transparent body makes them hard to spot but once you know there's a high chance of spotting them beside the nice obvious bloom of the anemone, their movements give them away. The smaller one of the pair is the guy.

For much better pictures and a sciency account go to the Annotated Budak post



Nat Low and I were debating over this row of eggs. I had roughly remembered it to be some mollusc that would lay such eggs. She, being more cephalopod-biased, suggested it was too big for small snails... well not too big for the spiral melongena I guess.

Here's a nice picture of the spiral melongena from Dai Jiao's photostream in Flickr.

Because the tide was low, we decided to hope over to another stretch of rocky beach on the southern most point of Singapore and saw this pair of horseshoe crab doing their thing. What an interesting sight for students who have not even seen the creature before, seeing the mating ritual of the horseshoe crab. I am sure they, like me before, find it interesting to know that the horseshoe crab has blue blood, as unlike us, they have copper instead of iron as the prosthetic group to carry oxygen. The blue blood is very valuable as it has anti-bacterial properties that scientists have been studying. See the youtube video here.

Darwin's first draft goes online

Darwin's first draft of his theory of evolution now goes online, now joining the 20,000 archive items in the online archive run by Cambridge University 'The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online'.

This will definitely be a valuable resource for educators and scientists alike.

For more read:
Darwin's first draft goes online

Biophilia Programme - Finding Nemo

The morning started out with a nice view of the seashore exposed by the low tide (0.3m). The sky was clear and the sound of the ebbing waves beckoned.


The students were to carry out their transect study. I was with a group of them when they set up a 40 m long line transect across the intertidal zone. It must have been one of those fulfilling days as a bio teacher. The sun, the sand and the ebbing waves washing at our ankles as we looked for yet one more creature to surprise us with its existence in its strange form. The day's new creature of the day started off with the slender seamoth.

Its not uncommon on these fieldtrips to the shore to hear students go "wow" in amazement at an entirely new creature they have seen.... Come to think of it.. how many times in our lives do we come across anything really new in the flesh.



The slender seamoth was really calm as we comtemplated it... see the shadows of our heads hovering over it as we trained camera lenses on it. We pondered over whether it was a stargazer or seawasp.

That's the 40m transect which took a group an hour plus to complete documenting the creatures they saw.


And here's a makeshift square transect that the group who had done were particularly proud of.


The low tide really exposed a lot of creatures and lots of carpet anemones were exposed in those pools. It was with Mr Nah's patience and keen eye that we spotted the prawn that was swimming within those tentacles of one. And soon enough what must have been quite the highlight of the day was to spot a clownfish, at home within the tentacle of the carpet anemone. Now, we have seen Nemo in aquarium and the movies, but to come across on in situ was a different thing all together... we all beamed at such a discovery.



It must have been on of the most fulfilling visits to that fieldsite. I think partly it could be attributed to the fact that we set up transects and had a more considered approach to our survey.



We work to the ominous backdrop of mega construction and each time I go there, I half expect the place to be cleared and cordoned off for some pointless attraction. The day that happens, I will be cynical, for I have come to know of creatures who await discovery by students.

Parasite makes ant mimic fruit

Parasites frequently modify the behavior of their hosts to encourage the infection of new hosts. For example, see this video (taken from the Planet Earth documentary) of the fungus Cordyceps that makes insects climb to the top of grass stems, and then erupts its fruiting body from the host's body, and disperses its spores over more hapless hosts from this elevated position. Yanoviak et al. (Am Nat 2008. Vol. 171, pp. 536–544; DOI: 10.1086/528968) describe a case of parasite-induced mimicry in the ant Cephalotes atratus. A nematode infection causes the gasters (rear portion of the abdomen) to become bright red and swollen, resembling a berry fruit, where normally it is black and inconspicuous. The infected gasters are also full of parasite eggs. Birds that feed on berries would then pop off these packets of parasite propagules, and pass out the eggs in their faeces. Ants congregate around bird faeces, which represent food resources to them, and collect them to feed to their brood, completing the cycle.

Here's the lesson from all this, kids: don't eat dung.

Biophilia and a Demon-haunted world

Sometime in 2006, I was looking for a seashore environment to bring students to study the intertidal zone. The Changi coast near the Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal was a nice choice but there were too many sandflies. So one day, I decided to go to Sentosa with my family. The reclaimed beaches just didn't make it cos it was void of life... almost except for pesky sunbathers. I was there for about half an hour when Joshua needed to pee, so I brought him to the toilet in one of the areas in Sentosa. It happened to overlook a sandy/rocky seashore beach which happened to be exposed as the tide was low. That was the beginning of many visits to the area.

Beautiful Life




The tide was low and the waters just reached ankle height even when we waded far from shore... I was instantly brought back to my childhood days of beach exploration when my parents used to bring me to the beach and I would explore the rocky areas and look at the rock pools, fascinated by the creatures like hermit crabs and little fish that got trapped with the outgoing tide. Josh, Matt and I waded in the waters for about an hour or more. We met a carpet anemone, sea cucumbers, an octopus (would you imagine that!), a leaf porter crab. Every now and then Josh and Matt would be amazed at the little crab who would hide under a leaf... how curious it was.. and I was there to show it to them. We spent the remainder of the time chasing crabs, fast swimming flower crabs that darted about in the surprisingly clear waters... The kids' amazement and wonderment were enough to make me satisfied. It was an enrichment class, or place-based learning experience, well call it what you will but we totally were in the flow (see "Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience, Csíkszentmihályi")

Just some of the beauties at the beach area.






Naturally I was excited about this and decided that this would be the place to bring some students to experience it as a fieldtrip. After assessing the safety and planning and making sure that the students wouldn't affect the environment, we went there and had our fieldtrip. We caught several creatures, displayed them in tanks and released them back to their habitats. The feedback was good and generally, most would not have experience that kind of environment here. A year later we brought another batch of students there and the same "magic" was felt. I had hoped to instil some kind of love for the environment and creatures in this students. This year, I have expanded the fieldtrip to an enrichment programme called the Biophilia Programme where students will propose and study the ecology of the site to assess biodiversity and ecology there with minimal impact.

However, the last field trip there last week left me with a heavy heart. Just a few hundred metres away, there was a big barge and major construction works. I guess for the resort world. Was this place going to be affected, will it totally go? Can the programme still continue... will Joshua and Matt see Mr Octopus? My heart sank further when I realised that the patch of halophila (or sea grass) that was verdant the year before had now been razed to the muddy substrate.. all the sea grass and sea weed was gone. Those seaweeds and seagrass were home to the octopus, the carpet anemone and the many leaf porter crabs my sons and I had discovered by flipping the the floating leaves. They were now gone. Naturally I am upset... depressed if you will. Even more so when I read this post by Rambling Leaf monkey... here.

This rich patch of halophila and seaweeds is now gone...


I can't reconcile with the fact that the rocky shore habitats at Sentosa may be gone along with its denizens, the octopus, the curious leaf porter crabs, the many scurrying crabs, baby squids, the file fishes, the carpet anemone, the sea cucumbers will be gone... Will there be an Oceanarium there? Will it be part of the habitat destruction? Already underwaterworld puts me off with the lonely dugong and a gazillion fish swimming in what seems to be overcrowded tanks. Honestly, I think picking up some hermit crab along a rocky shore is more authentic. I can't help but feel the greed of society impinging on God's creation or mother nature, whatever floats your boat. Will Sentosa become more artificial again. I had hopes that all the rocky shores might be left unharmed and I hope that they will be, but the razed patch of seagrass has me thinking deep.

In this age of science, I would think that as Carl Sagan, puts it albeit a little righteously, that Science will be a candle in the dark. Its a demon-haunted world in a different sense today where biodiversity is concerned. Look at over-fishing, pollution, animal slaughter in the abbatoirs. No longer are people ignorant, they just turn a blind eye. I hope that this isn't the case for the Sentosa management and that the people at Sentosa realise that the rocky shores are precious and hopefully, hopefully, any biodiversity surveys of the rocky shores there will be a candle in the dark for them...

Synchotron Radiation Tomography Illuminates Hidden Bugs

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7324564.stm

We've all seen pictures of ancient insects trapped in the golden, honey-like transparency of amber. Amber is fossilized tree resin, that when it was formed, trapped and preserved the form of insects and other small animals that it flowed over. But much amber is cloudy, and short of breaking it open, there's not been anyway to look inside to see what fossils might be found within. Now, scientists at the European Synchotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France have used high-intensity X-ray radiation to peek inside the amber and through computerized tomography (the same method as CT scans used in medicine) reconstructed 3-D images of fossils found in the amber. This was previously not possible with conventional X-ray sources. What's even neater - they use a method called 3D printing to produce a plastic resin scaled up model of the fossils in the amber, so palaeontologists have something tangible to manipulate and observe, rather than just pictures on a screen. Really amazing!

Moose antlers help hearing

The big antler racks of moose may help males amplify sounds to better locate females:

http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/mar/21/medicalresearch.animalbehaviour

Researchers used a set of Alaskan moose antlers, and placed a prop ear and a microphone between them, and measured the sound reaching the microphone with and without the antlers. With the antlers, head-on sound was amplified by 19%, but when the antlers were turned away from the sound, it was decreased by 21%, suggesting that they help in direction finding, just like how our external ears (auricles) are directed towards our front.

Indian biopiracy fears stifle research

An entomological collaboration between American and Indian scientists to study the insects of the Western Ghats in India was derailed by the Indian National Biodiversity Authority's refusal to allow the Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment to export insect specimens to institutions in the US for researchers there to examine.

The NBA objected to the large number (200,000) of specimens that were to have been sent for identification, citing biopiracy concerns, while claiming that there is no rule against exporting "a few specimens." They instead recommended that researchers send photographs instead [see: Jayaraman, K. S., 2008. Entomologists stifled by Indian bureaucracy. Nature, 457: 7 (6 Mar 2008; doi:10.1038/452007a)]

One valid concern the authorities have is that Indian taxonomic expertise needs to be built up and by exporting so many specimens, foreign researchers would benefit at the cost of locals. The 'marketing' of biodiversity as a potential economic resource has led many countries with rich biodiversity but comparatively less technical expertise to impose protectionist laws aimed at keeping wealth within their borders. Personally I think this protectionism is misguided, for the following reasons:

1. Taxonomic expertise will always be limited because it is a small field. There will always be the necessity to send specimens to external institutions because no single country will have enough experts to identify everything. Some commentators say that more local students should be sent to study in Western institutions and return to their home countries to work on the local biodiversity - but to what effect if once they return, the lines of communication between them and the outside world are severed? Their work will then become blinkeredly local and have no effect or influence.
   

2. The need to study biodiversity and document it cannot wait for the slow training of new taxonomists and systematists (especially in the face of the field's waning popularity), because of the ongoing destruction of habitats. This leads to the perverse consequence of legitimate scientific research being hampered (because in science, rules must be obeyed) while illegitimate habitat destruction proceeds without obstruction (because illegal clearing and burning is illegal anyway).
   

3. The chances of wholesale biopiracy are slim: taxonomy is not the most economically profitable of scientific endeavours. Common courtesy now also requires that local host institutions from the countries which supply the research materials be provided with a complete set of specimens collected. Presumably in this case too the Indian researchers will have their own set of insects. Bioprospecting success stories seem to be too few to warrant such paranoia - perhaps I might be wrong about this and if so would hope to hear more about them.
   

4. It's simply not cricket - being so possessive betrays a mindset of colonial victimization. Being ungenerous now won't realistically make up for a past history of colonial oppression.

Ultimately, this will only hurt the Indian researchers and Indian science. The bureaucrats seem to have forgotten that animals and plants don't obey human borders. Perhaps they wish to prosecute animals which migrate from the country for treason? I like to draw an analogy with literature. If one is possessive and protectionistic about one's country's literature, what is the result? One would prevent the translation of one's literary works into other languages because other cultures might 'steal ideas' and plot devices. Foreigners who came to learn the country's language and who bought the books would be treated with suspicion. Ultimately the literary scene in the country would die out from inbreeding depression.

We don't hear India (or Bangladesh for that matter) complaining about how Westerners read Tagore and adopt his ideas, if anything they are justifiably proud of his literary influence on the world at large. Why can't the same be said of India's biodiversity?